Research Reviews
FOXO4-DRI Human Trials: What the Evidence Covers
Searches for FOXO4-DRI human trials return nothing. The evidence is structural and cell-based, and one study found senolysis made things worse.
Longevity research
Ageing biology as it is actually studied: senescence markers, mitochondrial function, telomere work and the bioregulator literature. These articles describe what has been measured in models and are explicit about the distance between a model result and any claim about human ageing.
Comparisons
NAD+ vs MOTS-c: Coenzyme and Mitochondrial Peptide
NAD+ is a nucleotide coenzyme; MOTS-c a 16-residue peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. Both connect to mitochondria, but through quite different routes.
Peptide Profiles
What Is FOXO4-DRI? A Retro-Inverso Senolytic Peptide
FOXO4-DRI is a retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction. What DRI means chemically, and what the 2025 work established.
Research Reviews
Russian Bioregulator Peptides: Thymalin and Others
Thymalin, Cardiogen, Cortagen and Crystagen come from the Khavinson bioregulator programme. What the class is and how to read its literature.
Peptide Profiles
What Is MOTS-c? The Mitochondria-Encoded Peptide
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial 12S rRNA. Its discovery, AMPK and folate-cycle mechanism, exercise and ageing research, and handling.
Peptide Profiles
What Is NAD+? Coenzyme, Not Peptide — Research Overview
NAD+ is a nucleotide coenzyme, not a peptide. Its structure, redox and non-redox roles, the age-related decline literature, and how to handle it in the lab.
Peptide Profiles
What Is Epithalon? The AEDG Pineal Tetrapeptide
Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) was derived from the pineal extract epithalamin. Its structure, telomerase and lifespan studies, and how to read that literature.
Lab Handling
Reconstituting NAD+: Concentrations, Buffers and Stability
How to reconstitute NAD+ powder for research: concentration tables for 100-1000 mg vials, molar conversion at 663.4 g/mol, buffer choice and stability.
Comparisons
NAD vs NAD+ vs NADH: What the Notation Means
NAD, NAD+ and NADH are the same coenzyme in different states. What the plus sign means, which form is oxidised, and why the ratio matters in the lab.
Comparisons
NMN vs NAD+: Precursor and Coenzyme Compared
NMN is a direct precursor of NAD+, about half its size. How they differ in structure, how NMN becomes NAD+, what the human trial showed, and lab handling.