Research Reviews
Binding Affinity vs Potency: Kd, Ki, EC50, IC50 and Emax
Distinguish binding affinity, functional potency and maximum response, with hypothetical examples showing why assay endpoints cannot be ranked interchangeably.
Analytical Methods
Interpreting analytical and assay measurements, including chromatography, mass spectrometry, detection interference and method limitations.
Testing & Quality
Peptide Purity vs Content: What the Percentages Actually Mean
Separate HPLC area purity, net peptide content and target-specific assay, and see why multiplying two percentages requires analytical assumptions.
Research Reviews
Controls and Replicates in Peptide Experiments
Understand vehicle controls, positive controls, assay interference and independent replicates through clearly labelled peptide-research examples.
Testing & Quality
How to Read a Peptide HPLC Chromatogram
Read peptide HPLC reports using retention, separation and integration, with an area-purity example and clear limits on what a chromatogram establishes.
Testing & Quality
Peptide Identity by Mass Spectrometry: What a Match Means
Understand peptide mass spectra, charge states, intact mass and sequence evidence, including identity questions a simple mass match cannot resolve.