Research Reviews
Binding Affinity vs Potency: Kd, Ki, EC50, IC50 and Emax
Distinguish binding affinity, functional potency and maximum response, with hypothetical examples showing why assay endpoints cannot be ranked interchangeably.
Research Evidence
Reading experimental findings, comparing research systems and distinguishing observations from conclusions not established by a study.
Research Reviews
Peptide Policy and Research: Week to 9 November 2026
Peptide research brief: Novo and Lilly updates, NNC0130 and LL-37 papers, and the HHS comment window, with dated primary sources and evidence limits.
Research Reviews
In Vitro vs In Vivo Peptide Research: Reading the Evidence
Distinguish cell, animal and human peptide studies, identify what was measured, and summarise findings without overstating their scope.
Research Reviews
Controls and Replicates in Peptide Experiments
Understand vehicle controls, positive controls, assay interference and independent replicates through clearly labelled peptide-research examples.
Research Reviews
Linear vs Cyclic Peptides: Rings, Bonds and Research Comparisons
Compare linear and cyclic peptide structures, distinguish ring linkages, and assess what a stability comparison actually establishes.
Research Reviews
What Are Peptides? Structure, Origins and Biological Roles
Learn what peptides are, how they differ from amino acids and proteins, where they come from, and how to evaluate peptide research claims.