Peptide Profiles
How Does Tirzepatide Work? Imbalanced Dual Agonism
Tirzepatide engages GIP and GLP-1 receptors unequally and with signalling bias. The 2020 paper that established this, and why it matters in the lab.
BEHIND THE ARTICLES
Jesse Brooks
Areas of expertise: Peptide lead discovery & screening, structural modification & stability optimization, pharmacodynamics & mechanism of action
Published articles
Peptide Profiles
Survodutide Mechanism of Action: Two Receptors, Two Organs
Survodutide engages the glucagon receptor on liver cells and the GLP-1 receptor elsewhere. Why the second receptor opens a tissue, not just potency.
Lab Handling
Gonadorelin Reconstitution, Mixing and Shelf Life
Gonadorelin is native GnRH with both termini already protected. The one vulnerable region, the oxidation-prone residues and how to store it.
Lab Handling
GHRP-6 and GHRP-2 Reconstitution and Mixing
Both peptides are tryptophan-rich hexapeptides with D-residues. Why that makes them light-sensitive and why mass alone cannot confirm them.
Research Reviews
FOXO4-DRI Human Trials: What the Evidence Covers
Searches for FOXO4-DRI human trials return nothing. The evidence is structural and cell-based, and one study found senolysis made things worse.
Research Reviews
Dihexa Mechanism of Action: What Survives the Retraction
The HGF/c-Met mechanism for Dihexa comes from a paper retracted in 2025. What independent work still supports, and how to read the rest.
Comparisons
CJC-1295 With GHRP-2 or GHRP-6: Why They Are Paired
A GHRH analogue and a GHRP act at two different receptors, which is the stated rationale for pairing them. What the literature does and does not show.
Comparisons
5-Amino-1MQ vs NAD+: Inhibitor or Cofactor
One blocks an enzyme that consumes nicotinamide; the other is the cofactor itself. Adjacent chemistry, opposite interventions, different controls.
Research Reviews
Peptide Policy and Research: Week to 2 November 2026
HHS published a draft enforcement discretion policy covering six compounded peptides, and a new orthopaedic review assessed BPC-157 and TB-500.
Research Reviews
BPC-157 Human Trials: What Has Actually Been Published
A systematic review found three human BPC-157 studies totalling 30 participants, all rated very low certainty. What they were and what they support.
Testing & Quality
BPC-157 Arginate vs Acetate: What the Salt Form Changes
BPC-157 arginate and acetate differ only in counter-ion, not in peptide. What a salt form affects, why published research used no carrier, and how to check.
Comparisons
AOD-9604 Compared: Tesamorelin, Incretins, Secretagogues
AOD-9604 is an hGH fragment studied for lipolysis. How it differs from tesamorelin, sermorelin, CJC-1295, ipamorelin, MOTS-c and incretins.