Comparisons
Orforglipron vs Retatrutide: Small Molecule or Peptide
Orforglipron is a non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist; retatrutide is a triple-agonist peptide. The structural contrast and what it changes.
BEHIND THE ARTICLES
Jesse Brooks
Areas of expertise: Peptide lead discovery & screening, structural modification & stability optimization, pharmacodynamics & mechanism of action
Published articles
Comparisons
NAD vs NADPH: One Phosphate, Two Jobs
NADP carries an extra phosphate that cells use as an address label. It routes the same redox chemistry to biosynthesis instead of catabolism.
Lab Handling
Ipamorelin Stability and Storage in the Laboratory
Ipamorelin has no tryptophan, histidine or cysteine, which makes it unusually forgiving. What that removes, and what still governs storage.
Lab Handling
GHK-Cu Acetate: Salt Form and Copper Coordination
GHK-Cu has two separate chemical identities on its label: a copper complex and a salt. Why both matter for molecular weight and buffers.
Comparisons
Sermorelin vs GLP-1 and Retatrutide: Two Axes
Sermorelin acts on the pituitary growth hormone axis; GLP-1 and retatrutide act on gut hormone receptors. The comparison is between systems.
Comparisons
Follistatin 315 vs 344: Isoforms and Heparin Binding
Follistatin isoforms differ at the C-terminus, which changes heparan sulfate binding and where the protein stays. What that means in the laboratory.
Comparisons
Eloralintide vs Incretin Peptides: A Different Receptor
Eloralintide is an amylin receptor agonist, not an incretin analogue. Why that makes comparisons with retatrutide and tirzepatide awkward.
Comparisons
5-Amino-1MQ vs AOD-9604: Enzyme or Peptide Fragment
One is a small-molecule enzyme inhibitor, the other a growth hormone fragment. Different classes, different handling, different kinds of evidence.
Research Reviews
5-Amino-1MQ Human Trials: What Actually Exists
Searches for 5-Amino-1MQ human trials return nothing in PubMed. The evidence is preclinical NNMT inhibition, and the gaps are worth naming.
Peptide Profiles
What Is VIP? Receptors, Selectivity and Stability
VIP is a 28-residue peptide acting at VPAC1 and VPAC2. Why selectivity between them is hard, and what the structural work has resolved.
Peptide Profiles
What Is FOXO4-DRI? A Retro-Inverso Senolytic Peptide
FOXO4-DRI is a retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction. What DRI means chemically, and what the 2025 work established.
Research Reviews
Thymosin Alpha-1 Research: An Unusual Evidence Base
Thymosin alpha-1 has decades of clinical literature and approvals in some countries, which makes its evidence base atypical for a research peptide.